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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell</b> (kurz <b>CRR-Modell</b>, oft auch: <b>Binomialmodell</b>) ist ein diskretes Modell für die Modellierung von <a href="Wertpapier" title="Wertpapier">Wertpapier</a>- und Aktienkursentwicklungen. Hierbei werden für jeden Zeitschritt mehrere Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten postuliert und jede mit einer <a href="Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie" title="Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie">Wahrscheinlichkeit</a> belegt. Die Eingrenzung auf nur zwei Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten wird auch <i>Einperiodenmodell</i> oder <i>Zweiphasenmodell</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> genannt. Es wurde 1979 von John C. Cox, <a href="Stephen_Ross" title="Stephen Ross">Stephen Ross</a> und <a href="Mark_Rubinstein" title="Mark Rubinstein">Mark Rubinstein</a> entwickelt.
</p><p>Das Binomialmodell wird als Methode zur Ermittlung von fairen <a href="Option_(Wirtschaft)" title="Option (Wirtschaft)">Optionspreisen</a> eingesetzt. Dabei wird das <a href="Duplikation_(Finanztheorie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplikation (Finanztheorie)">Duplikationsprinzip</a> angewandt, welches in seiner einfachsten Form den Preis der Option bei <a href="Hausse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausse">Kursanstieg</a> und den Preis der Option bei <a href="Baisse" class="mw-disambig" title="Baisse">Kursabfall</a> bewertet. Das Binomialmodell lässt sich durch einen <a href="Bin%C3%A4rbaum" title="Binärbaum">Binärbaum</a> graphisch darstellen. Es ist durch seine zeitdiskrete Struktur einfacher in der Anwendung als das Black-Scholes-Modell.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das mehrstufige Binomialmodell ist tatsächlich eine <a href="Diskretisierung" title="Diskretisierung">Diskretisierung</a> des <a href="Black-Scholes-Modell" title="Black-Scholes-Modell">Black-Scholes-Modells</a>. Es ist eines der am weitesten verbreiteten Modelle in der <a href="Finanzmathematik" title="Finanzmathematik">Finanzmathematik</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Der <a href="Ergebnisraum" title="Ergebnisraum">Ergebnisraum</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24b0d5ca6f381068d756f6337c08e0af9d1eeb6f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span> des Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modells für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> Perioden entspricht der Menge der verschiedenen Pfade, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Omega =\{\uparrow ,\downarrow \}^{T}=\{\omega =\{\omega _{1},\ldots ,\omega _{T}\}\ \vert \ \omega _{i}\in \{\uparrow ,\downarrow \}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<msup>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
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</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Omega =\{\uparrow ,\downarrow \}^{T}=\{\omega =\{\omega _{1},\ldots ,\omega _{T}\}\ \vert \ \omega _{i}\in \{\uparrow ,\downarrow \}\}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3fd91a84d3eb2473736efec98315b69c4544afdd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.234ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Omega =\{\uparrow ,\downarrow \}^{T}=\{\omega =\{\omega _{1},\ldots ,\omega _{T}\}\ \vert \ \omega _{i}\in \{\uparrow ,\downarrow \}\}}" loading="lazy"></span> und die zugehörige <a href="%CE%A3-Algebra" title="Σ-Algebra">σ-Algebra</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}={\mathcal {P}}(\Omega )}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}={\mathcal {P}}(\Omega )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2727875509d38cf8d4e22818bb5c68982660269.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.216ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}={\mathcal {P}}(\Omega )}" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht der <a href="Potenzmenge" title="Potenzmenge">Potenzmenge</a> des Ergebnisraumes. Der <a href="Kanonischer_stochastischer_Prozess" title="Kanonischer stochastischer Prozess">kanonische Prozess</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
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<mi>Y</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span> ist wie üblich definiert, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{t}(\omega )=\omega _{t}}">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{t}(\omega )=\omega _{t}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dec8f4ea24e7ac1c76405a31983c44df185cf4b9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.802ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{t}(\omega )=\omega _{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> für beliebiges <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega \in \Omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ω<!-- Ω --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega \in \Omega }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e23a8931e1b954519d9fb9ba2e7f02eaa11ac91a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.965ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega \in \Omega }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die <a href="Filtrierung_(Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)" title="Filtrierung (Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie)">Filtrierung</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/573f72afae7df709959ab1a58cd643743466a187.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.42ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }" loading="lazy"></span> des dem CRR-Modells unterliegenden <a href="Filtrierter_Wahrscheinlichkeitsraum" class="mw-redirect" title="Filtrierter Wahrscheinlichkeitsraum">filtrierten Wahrscheinlichkeitsraumes</a> entspricht der <a href="Kanonische_Filtrierung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanonische Filtrierung">kanonischen Filtrierung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}" loading="lazy"></span>. Es wird angenommen, dass jedes Ergebnis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> mit strikt positiver Wahrscheinlichkeit eintritt. Weiter sei der Preisprozess ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>2</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/901fc910c19990d0dbaaefe4726ceb1a4e217a0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2}" loading="lazy"></span>-dimensionaler stochastischer Prozess, wobei das erste Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
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<mi>B</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> eine risikolose Anlage mit Zinsrate <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r>-1}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r&gt;-1}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0d653d692fe6e06273ab626f394568b21955b934.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.118ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r>-1}" loading="lazy"></span> darstellt und das zweite Element <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> eine risikobehaftete Anlage. Dabei ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
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<mi>S</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert zu Beginn durch einen Startwert <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{0}}">
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<mi>S</mi>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebe0ac45a38c4437bd2689a14ec434cd499e7e49.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.479ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und zu jedem Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in \{1,\ldots ,T\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in \{1,\ldots ,T\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edd3d0848bb9ed12875faf7df33b84640e203629.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.982ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in \{1,\ldots ,T\}}" loading="lazy"></span> durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{t}=S_{0}\prod _{s=1}^{t}(1+R_{s})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<munderover>
<mo>∏<!-- ∏ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{t}=S_{0}\prod _{s=1}^{t}(1+R_{s})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b66a052d938fe66341d1e38de546c2ecfb4ff449.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:19.764ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{t}=S_{0}\prod _{s=1}^{t}(1+R_{s})}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei der Prozess <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert ist durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{s}(\omega )={\begin{cases}o\qquad {\text{wenn }}Y_{s}(\omega )=\uparrow \\u\qquad {\text{wenn }}Y_{s}(\omega )=\downarrow \end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>o</mi>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>u</mi>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>wenn&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{s}(\omega )={\begin{cases}o\qquad {\text{wenn }}Y_{s}(\omega )=\uparrow \\u\qquad {\text{wenn }}Y_{s}(\omega )=\downarrow \end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72ae646c32362a79042507a2383ca096605b18e9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.691ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{s}(\omega )={\begin{cases}o\qquad {\text{wenn }}Y_{s}(\omega )=\uparrow \\u\qquad {\text{wenn }}Y_{s}(\omega )=\downarrow \end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span>mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle o>u>-1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>o</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle o&gt;u&gt;-1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9b76ade4d2ebcd7a8b1cae24af3347915ec2b11.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.625ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle o>u>-1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>die prozentualen Veränderungen („nach <u>o</u>ben“ bzw. „nach <u>u</u>nten“) des Wertes von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen zwei konsekutiven Zeitpunkten.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p><b>Satz</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das Binomialmodell ist genau dann <a href="Arbitragefreiheit" title="Arbitragefreiheit">arbitragefrei</a>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u<r<o}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>o</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u&lt;r&lt;o}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7563ac9b3d056af9d553d53d06a16c8d3962459a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.703ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u<r<o}" loading="lazy"></span>. In diesem Falle ist es sogar <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Kapitalmarkt" title="Vollständiger Kapitalmarkt">vollständig</a>. Unter dem eindeutigen Martingalmaß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02e60c81719547a4c0e22afd3e21a2de2227fda.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.475ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }}" loading="lazy"></span>sind <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{1},\ldots ,Y_{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{1},\ldots ,Y_{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ef410343df298686eb20b2e4022a3632997fe31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.323ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{1},\ldots ,Y_{T}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{1},\ldots ,R_{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{1},\ldots ,R_{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/018e5633d0c6c7324e0bec8d2c4ed4fce70e6415.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.15ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{1},\ldots ,R_{T}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="Unabh%C3%A4ngig_und_identisch_verteilte_Zufallsvariablen" title="Unabhängig und identisch verteilte Zufallsvariablen">unabhängig und identisch verteilte Zufallsvariablen</a> und es gilt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }[Y_{t}=\uparrow ]=\mathbb {P} ^{\ast }[R_{t}=o]=p^{\ast }={\frac {r-u}{o-u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>R</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>o</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msup>
<mi>p</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>o</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }[Y_{t}=\uparrow ]=\mathbb {P} ^{\ast }[R_{t}=o]=p^{\ast }={\frac {r-u}{o-u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b46a44fde47eec0446fdcacfabfd4c4051440bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:37.798ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }[Y_{t}=\uparrow ]=\mathbb {P} ^{\ast }[R_{t}=o]=p^{\ast }={\frac {r-u}{o-u}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in \{1,\ldots ,T\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in \{1,\ldots ,T\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/edd3d0848bb9ed12875faf7df33b84640e203629.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.982ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in \{1,\ldots ,T\}}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p><p><b>Bemerkung</b> Tatsächlich würde im Falle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\geq o}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mi>o</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\geq o}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ef576f6f097a8286489496a348ecd6b1e7f05da.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.275ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\geq o}" loading="lazy"></span> die risikolose Anlage <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> so attraktiv werden, dass ein Arbitrageur eine unbegrenzt große ungedeckte <a href="Long-_und_Short-Position" title="Long- und Short-Position">Shortposition</a> in der risikobehafteten Anlage <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> eingehen würde, um damit eine unbegrenzt große <a href="Long-_und_Short-Position" title="Long- und Short-Position">Longposition</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span> aufbauen zu können. Im Falle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r\leq u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r\leq u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4f8da12b68d5b4a568b1e09b0006292426123b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.477ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r\leq u}" loading="lazy"></span> würde hingegen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>S</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}" loading="lazy"></span> so attraktiv werden, dass der Arbitrageur eine unbegrenz große Longposition darin halten würde, die er durch eine unbegrenzt große ungedeckte Shortposition in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>B</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}" loading="lazy"></span>, das wäre also eine Kreditaufnahme, finanzieren würde.
</p><p><b>Korollar</b>. In einem arbitragefreien Binomialmodell ist der Wertprozess <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span> eines <a href="Derivat_(Wirtschaft)" title="Derivat (Wirtschaft)">Derivats</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}" loading="lazy"></span> und die <a href="Duplikationsprinzip" title="Duplikationsprinzip">duplizierende</a> Handelsstrategie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} ^{\ast }[H\vert {\mathcal {F}}_{t}]=W_{t}=W_{0}+\sum _{s=1}^{t}\xi _{s}(X_{s}-X_{s-1})=w_{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">|</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>W</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<msub>
<mi>W</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
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<mi>s</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} ^{\ast }[H\vert {\mathcal {F}}_{t}]=W_{t}=W_{0}+\sum _{s=1}^{t}\xi _{s}(X_{s}-X_{s-1})=w_{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/24ed67c26d8656dece5600a4c1a0d821444353cd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:61.085ex; height:7.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} ^{\ast }[H\vert {\mathcal {F}}_{t}]=W_{t}=W_{0}+\sum _{s=1}^{t}\xi _{s}(X_{s}-X_{s-1})=w_{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t})}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\in \{0,\ldots ,T\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\in \{0,\ldots ,T\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/97be83127f6770bb5721e8ddb91a826de7a3fa64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.982ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\in \{0,\ldots ,T\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t})=\mathbb {E} ^{\ast }{\Bigg [}h{\Bigg (}x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}{\frac {X_{1}}{X_{0}}},\ldots ,x_{t}{\frac {X_{T-t}}{X_{0}}}{\Bigg )}{\Bigg ]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>t</mi>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">[</mo>
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<mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">(</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t})=\mathbb {E} ^{\ast }{\Bigg [}h{\Bigg (}x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}{\frac {X_{1}}{X_{0}}},\ldots ,x_{t}{\frac {X_{T-t}}{X_{0}}}{\Bigg )}{\Bigg ]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19748f173ed0e71c6e3bf7492584be80029c2437.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:58.718ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t})=\mathbb {E} ^{\ast }{\Bigg [}h{\Bigg (}x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}{\frac {X_{1}}{X_{0}}},\ldots ,x_{t}{\frac {X_{T-t}}{X_{0}}}{\Bigg )}{\Bigg ]}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=h(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{T})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>H</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=h(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{T})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/012ad1c9bc39cc057dca47fab1180eedda276e25.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.781ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=h(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{T})}" loading="lazy"></span>. Überdies gilt die <a href="Rekursion" title="Rekursion">Rekursion</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t})=p^{\ast }w_{t+1}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}(1+o))+(1-p^{\ast })w_{t+1}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}(1+u))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t})=p^{\ast }w_{t+1}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}(1+o))+(1-p^{\ast })w_{t+1}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}(1+u))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6779f20cc0b956f2e81608289c44b8e757d3c671.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:82.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t})=p^{\ast }w_{t+1}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}(1+o))+(1-p^{\ast })w_{t+1}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t},x_{t}(1+u))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit Endbedingung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{T}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{T})=h(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{T})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{T}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{T})=h(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{T})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1e147dbf8d8c0569bbe8737c404c382e274ba1f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.672ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{T}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{T})=h(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{T})}" loading="lazy"></span> und die duplizierende Handelsstrategie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e0b461aaf61091abd5d2c808931c48b8ff9647db.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.03ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi }" loading="lazy"></span> ist durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \xi _{t}=\Delta _{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t-1})}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ξ<!-- ξ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \xi _{t}=\Delta _{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t-1})}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3bb8f73cb860dc1236cdb62f4a786e07aaa90a9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.521ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \xi _{t}=\Delta _{t}(X_{0},\ldots ,X_{t-1})}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben, wobei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1})={\frac {w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1},x_{t-1}(1+o))-w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1},x_{t-1}(1+u))}{x_{t-1}(o-u)}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>o</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>o</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1})={\frac {w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1},x_{t-1}(1+o))-w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1},x_{t-1}(1+u))}{x_{t-1}(o-u)}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7bfef0223e22122b6e1d729f2c6c90aa0c3e4bc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:80.062ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1})={\frac {w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1},x_{t-1}(1+o))-w_{t}(x_{0},\ldots ,x_{t-1},x_{t-1}(1+u))}{x_{t-1}(o-u)}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><b>Bemerkung</b>. Unter dem wahren Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1053af9e662ceaf56c4455f90e0f67273422eded.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.42ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} }" loading="lazy"></span> kann die erste Bewegung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c909ab9869a6ca440f1244dc0e494f42b741b937.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.405ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> theoretisch die letzte Bewegung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{T}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d0c5f3da9274b176c1494a85cf66b67ed299bd48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.74ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{T}}" loading="lazy"></span> beträchtlich beeinflussen. Unter dem äquivalenten Martingalmaß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02e60c81719547a4c0e22afd3e21a2de2227fda.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.475ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} ^{\ast }}" loading="lazy"></span>hingegen sind die Zeitzustandsentwicklungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95734a78eb8407939c3496cbfd92763ced1e41e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.177ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> <a href="U.i.v." class="mw-redirect" title="U.i.v.">u.i.v.</a>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung">Anwendung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risikoneutrale_Bewertung">Risikoneutrale Bewertung</h3></div>
<p>Das Binomialmodell lässt sich zur <a href="Risikoneutrale_Bewertung" title="Risikoneutrale Bewertung">risikoneutralen Bewertung</a> mittels <a href="Martingalma%C3%9F#Äquivalentes_Martingalmaß" title="Martingalmaß">äquivalenter Martingalmaße</a> nutzen. Die Bewertung wird so vorgenommen, dass die Marktteilnehmer <a href="Risikoneutralit%C3%A4t" title="Risikoneutralität">risikoneutral</a> seien.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der aktuelle Aktienkurs wird als diskontierter Erwartungswert zukünftiger Aktienkurse verstanden.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{0}=\mathbb {E} {\Bigg [}{\frac {S_{T}}{(1+r)^{T}}}{\Bigg ]}={\frac {pS^{\uparrow }+(1-p)S^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">E</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">[</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo maxsize="2.470em" minsize="2.470em">]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{0}=\mathbb {E} {\Bigg [}{\frac {S_{T}}{(1+r)^{T}}}{\Bigg ]}={\frac {pS^{\uparrow }+(1-p)S^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a923979ec643d2e48320cc59c199f9c0ea67ba7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:39.002ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{0}=\mathbb {E} {\Bigg [}{\frac {S_{T}}{(1+r)^{T}}}{\Bigg ]}={\frac {pS^{\uparrow }+(1-p)S^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Aktienpreis zum Endzeitpunkt ist per definitionem entweder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{\uparrow }=S_{0}(1+o)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>o</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{\uparrow }=S_{0}(1+o)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7b753198e9796d3f96c056fddb53236803dd51dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.093ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{\uparrow }=S_{0}(1+o)}" loading="lazy"></span> oder <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{\downarrow }=S_{0}(1+u)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{\downarrow }=S_{0}(1+u)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3cd21f9b7c76de3eb6109e343745e5f94b867ff7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.295ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{\downarrow }=S_{0}(1+u)}" loading="lazy"></span>. Indem wir die Gleichung nach der Wahrscheinlichkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}" loading="lazy"></span>, dass der Aktienpreis steigt, isolieren, erhalten wir
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p={\frac {(1+r)^{T}-(1+u)}{o-u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>p</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>o</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p={\frac {(1+r)^{T}-(1+u)}{o-u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fd57271247ef9d782bfcb91328972d26c684f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:23.426ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p={\frac {(1+r)^{T}-(1+u)}{o-u}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw. für die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass der Aktienpreis fällt,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (1-p)={\frac {1+o-(1+r)^{T}}{o-u}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>o</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>o</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>u</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (1-p)={\frac {1+o-(1+r)^{T}}{o-u}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c3acfd13016dd25af8ce33e23fbfa188c941fd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:27.137ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (1-p)={\frac {1+o-(1+r)^{T}}{o-u}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Analog erhalten wir für den risikoneutral bewerteten Preis der Kaufoption
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{0}={\frac {pC^{\uparrow }+(1-p)C^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{0}={\frac {pC^{\uparrow }+(1-p)C^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb30190c20a0ec252352270c25a1ad780927e620.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:23.346ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{0}={\frac {pC^{\uparrow }+(1-p)C^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>bzw. der Verkaufsoption
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}={\frac {pP^{\uparrow }+(1-p)P^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>p</mi>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>p</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msup>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}={\frac {pP^{\uparrow }+(1-p)P^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fdf576203e7731699b3e8ebcf31c6d4d898f1371.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:23.224ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}={\frac {pP^{\uparrow }+(1-p)P^{\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{T}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optionspreisbestimmung">Optionspreisbestimmung</h3></div>
<p>Zur Bewertung einer Option werden zunächst die Rückzahlungen in der Folgeperiode betrachtet. Im Fall des Kaufs einer <a href="Kaufoption" title="Kaufoption">Kaufoption</a> wird die Option bei gestiegenem Kurs ausgeübt. Dann erhält der Käufer eine Rückzahlung (wenn ein Barausgleich vereinbart war) oder er erhält die Aktie zum Bezugspreis und kann sie zum höheren Kurs veräußern. Ist dagegen der Aktienkurs unter den Bezugspreis gefallen, lässt der Käufer die Option verfallen; er erhält dann keine Auszahlung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beispiel_im_Einperiodenmodell">Beispiel im Einperiodenmodell</h4></div>
<p>Angenommen, eine Aktie kostet 10&nbsp;€ zu einem festgelegten Startzeitpunkt. Zusätzlich wird eine Kaufoption zur Aktie gehandelt. In einem Jahr kann die Aktie entweder 11&nbsp;€ (Optionswert beträgt dann 1&nbsp;€) oder 9&nbsp;€ (Optionswert ist dann null) wert sein. Wir möchten den Preis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23da38e31194b9ae0524ec18c8489693f3be5389.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.716ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Kaufoption zum Startzeitpunkt bestimmen. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein Portfolio mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> Aktien <a href="Long-_und_Short-Position" title="Long- und Short-Position">long</a> und einer Kaufoption <a href="Long-_und_Short-Position" title="Long- und Short-Position">short</a> (d.&nbsp;h. wird also eine Kaufoption veräußert) gebildet. Der <a href="Barwert" title="Barwert">Barwert</a> des Portfolios erfüllt als die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W_{0}=10x-C_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>W</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W_{0}=10x-C_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3293ad996cd0b85ddf3bc9fc3a9ce8cc720465b5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.557ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W_{0}=10x-C_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Anzahl <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> der Aktien, wofür das Portfolio in beiden Möglichkeiten denselben Wert annimmt, ist unabhängig von deren Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit risikolos.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Das bedeutet zum Endzeitpunkt gilt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 11x-1=9x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>11</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 11x-1=9x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ad11bffd9db013dafc7a7db6d1a6b674bafff6b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:13.248ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\textstyle 11x-1=9x}" loading="lazy"></span> woraus folgt, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle x={\frac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle x={\frac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3907580960e7d8c90620f8eb4242b9b2b5151035.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:6.086ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\textstyle x={\frac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. In beiden Situationen ist der Portfoliowert zum Endzeitpunkt 4,5&nbsp;€. Der Barwert des Portfolios zum Startzeitpunkt (bei Annahme eines risikolosen Zinses von 3&nbsp;% p. a.) ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle W_{0}=4{,}5e^{-0{,}03}=4{,}367}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>W</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>5</mn>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>03</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>4,367</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle W_{0}=4{,}5e^{-0{,}03}=4{,}367}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fffdf2e0959ed308a251638c75e1531ab191e0ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.231ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle W_{0}=4{,}5e^{-0{,}03}=4{,}367}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;€.
</p><p>Der Optionspreis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23da38e31194b9ae0524ec18c8489693f3be5389.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.716ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> zum Startzeitpunkt lässt sich dann mittels eines der beiden Szenarien (beliebig gewählt) bestimmen, z.&nbsp;B.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4{,}367{\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;}W_{0}=10\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}-C_{0}=5-C_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>4,367</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>!</mo>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>W</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4{,}367{\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;}W_{0}=10\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}-C_{0}=5-C_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c05e967cacc1c3dd7096dd740e608b9788aa6c3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.118ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4{,}367{\;{\stackrel {!}{=}}\;}W_{0}=10\cdot {\frac {1}{2}}-C_{0}=5-C_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Optionspreis beträgt zum Startzeitpunkt somit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{0}=0{,}633}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,633</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{0}=0{,}633}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad4464f57ee84a91eb67c18ecd8310ba3bf0f851.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.111ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{0}=0{,}633}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp;€.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beispiel_im_mehrstufigen_Binomialmodell_für_europäische_Optionen"><span id="Beispiel_im_mehrstufigen_Binomialmodell_f.C3.BCr_europ.C3.A4ische_Optionen"></span>Beispiel im mehrstufigen Binomialmodell für europäische Optionen</h4></div>

<p>Das Einperiodenmodell kann natürlich verfeinert werden, indem man die Zeitintervalle verkürzt und mehrere Zeitpunkte betrachtet. Außerdem können auch mehrere mögliche Zustände betrachtet werden. In einem solchen <i>mehrstufigen Binomialmodell</i> dürfen sich Aktienkurse zwischen zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Zeitpunkten ändern. Im mehrstufigen Binomialmodell muss zwischen <a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Europäische Option">europäischen</a> und <a href="Amerikanische_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerikanische Option">amerikanischen Optionen</a> unterschieden.
</p><p>Beim mehrstufigen Binomialmodell unterscheidet man <a href="Rekombination_(evolution%C3%A4rer_Algorithmus)" title="Rekombination (evolutionärer Algorithmus)">rekombinierende</a> von nicht rekombinierenden <a href="Baum_(Graphentheorie)" title="Baum (Graphentheorie)">Bäumen</a>. Nicht rekombinierende Bäume sind erforderlich bei <a href="Pfadabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" title="Pfadabhängigkeit">pfadabhängigen</a> Optionen (wie <a href="Barriere-Option" title="Barriere-Option">Barriere-Optionen</a> oder <a href="Asiatische_Option" title="Asiatische Option">asiatische Optionen</a>). Die Umschichtung zu jedem Zeitpunkt muss durch eine selbstfinanzierende Strategie erfolgen.
</p><p>Betrachte zum Startzeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43469ec032d858feae5aa87029e22eaaf0109e9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0}" loading="lazy"></span> eine risikolose Anlage mit <a href="Momentanzins" title="Momentanzins">Momentanzinssatz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r=0{,}05}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>r</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>05</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r=0{,}05}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bff2e311529a2355cc838a0351e333a143188d80.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.281ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r=0{,}05}" loading="lazy"></span>, eine Aktie mit Startwert bei 50&nbsp;€ und eine binäre Option <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C^{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C^{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/33342aa5890ff84ea3849b5e9750d54af474692c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.735ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C^{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Auszahlung von 1&nbsp;€ wenn der Aktienkurs gestiegen ist und null wenn der Aktienkursgefallen ist.
</p><p>Angenommen, zum ersten Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/970dea4a5f5ec5355c4cdd62f6396fbc8b1baaa1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=1}" loading="lazy"></span> nach dem Startzeitpunkt kann die Aktie entweder 54&nbsp;€ oder 49&nbsp;€ wert sein. Dann muss im Rahmen der risikoneutralen Bewertung gelten, dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle (54q_{0}+49(1-q_{0}))/(1+r)=50}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>54</mn>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>50</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle (54q_{0}+49(1-q_{0}))/(1+r)=50}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43b46f63ac3195d5ec7d81dcb56a31e260d328f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.741ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle (54q_{0}+49(1-q_{0}))/(1+r)=50}" loading="lazy"></span>. Dadurch lässt die Wahrscheinlichkeit für einen Kursanstieg berechnen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{0}={\frac {50\cdot 1{,}05-49}{54-49}}=0{,}7}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>50</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>05</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>49</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>54</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>49</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>7</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{0}={\frac {50\cdot 1{,}05-49}{54-49}}=0{,}7}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/44d40dda99b9e98311c4df3eb25670f09c7e3978.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:25.4ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{0}={\frac {50\cdot 1{,}05-49}{54-49}}=0{,}7}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Preis der binären Option wäre bei Ausübung nach dem ersten Zeitpunkt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{0}^{b}={\frac {q_{0}C_{1,\uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{0})C_{1,\downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}={\frac {q_{0}}{1+r}}=0{,}67}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>67</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{0}^{b}={\frac {q_{0}C_{1,\uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{0})C_{1,\downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}={\frac {q_{0}}{1+r}}=0{,}67}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fea27b41d8add1a0e66d446f9724403c99f45521.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:43.715ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{0}^{b}={\frac {q_{0}C_{1,\uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{0})C_{1,\downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}={\frac {q_{0}}{1+r}}=0{,}67}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und lässt sich als <a href="State-Preference-Theorie" title="State-Preference-Theorie">Zustandpreis</a> interpretieren. Im darauffolgenden Zeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f76b791ec417942f6edf35e33b99613ca6cbaa04.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=2}" loading="lazy"></span> kann die Aktie nun vier Zustände erreichen. War sie zum vorigen Zeitpunkt bei 54&nbsp;€, dann mag sie entweder 57&nbsp;€ oder 52&nbsp;€ wert sein. War sie hingegen 49&nbsp;€ wert, dann kann sie nun 52&nbsp;€ oder 48&nbsp;€ wert sein. Es lassen sich wieder die Wahrscheinlichkeiten für einen Kursanstieg berechnen. Wenn die Aktie zuvor bei 54&nbsp;€ stand ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Kursanstieges
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{1,\uparrow }={\frac {54(1+r)-52}{57-52}}=0{,}94}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↑<!-- ↑ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>54</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>52</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>57</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>52</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>94</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{1,\uparrow }={\frac {54(1+r)-52}{57-52}}=0{,}94}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3f010539c4aaf6da0ebb994f58e16118bb21098.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:28.889ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{1,\uparrow }={\frac {54(1+r)-52}{57-52}}=0{,}94}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Stand sie hingegen bei 49&nbsp;€ ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Kursanstieges
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q_{1,\downarrow }={\frac {49(1+r)-48}{52-48}}=0{,}8625}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>49</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>r</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>52</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>48</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,862</mn>
<mn>5</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q_{1,\downarrow }={\frac {49(1+r)-48}{52-48}}=0{,}8625}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cfd9d7c9b6f02ac19cbe9a37613773233a17a983.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:31.214ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q_{1,\downarrow }={\frac {49(1+r)-48}{52-48}}=0{,}8625}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Preis der binären Option bei Ausübung nach dem zweiten Zeitpunkt lässt sich <a href="Induktion_(Mathematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Induktion (Mathematik)">induktiv</a> berechnen, indem man zunächst den Wert der binären Option mit Startzeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/970dea4a5f5ec5355c4cdd62f6396fbc8b1baaa1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=1}" loading="lazy"></span> und Endzeitpunkt<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f76b791ec417942f6edf35e33b99613ca6cbaa04.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=2}" loading="lazy"></span> für die beiden möglichen Fälle berechnet. Indem man diese beiden Preise dann entsprechende der Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeiten gewichtet und <a href="Abzinsung_und_Aufzinsung" title="Abzinsung und Aufzinsung">abzinst</a>, erhält man den Preis der binären Option mit Startzeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43469ec032d858feae5aa87029e22eaaf0109e9c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=0}" loading="lazy"></span> und Endzeitpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f76b791ec417942f6edf35e33b99613ca6cbaa04.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t=2}" loading="lazy"></span>.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}C_{0}^{b}&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}C_{1,\uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{0})C_{1,\downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}{\frac {q_{1,\uparrow }C_{2,\uparrow \uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{1,\uparrow })C_{2,\uparrow \downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}+(1-q_{0}){\frac {q_{1,\downarrow }C_{2,\downarrow \uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{1,\downarrow })C_{2,\downarrow \downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}}{1+r}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}q_{1,\uparrow }+q_{0}(1-q_{1,\uparrow })+(1-q_{0})q_{1,\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{2}}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}+(1-q_{0})q_{1,\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{2}}}\\&amp;\displaystyle =0{,}8696\end{array}}}">
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>+</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mtd>
</mtr>
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<mn>2</mn>
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</mrow>
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</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd>
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0,869</mn>
<mn>6</mn>
</mstyle>
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</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}C_{0}^{b}&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}C_{1,\uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{0})C_{1,\downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}{\frac {q_{1,\uparrow }C_{2,\uparrow \uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{1,\uparrow })C_{2,\uparrow \downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}+(1-q_{0}){\frac {q_{1,\downarrow }C_{2,\downarrow \uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{1,\downarrow })C_{2,\downarrow \downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}}{1+r}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}q_{1,\uparrow }+q_{0}(1-q_{1,\uparrow })+(1-q_{0})q_{1,\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{2}}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}+(1-q_{0})q_{1,\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{2}}}\\&amp;\displaystyle =0{,}8696\end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3bac462613362b90c0ea1285594a4e5f99174ae7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -15.505ex; width:58.188ex; height:32.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}C_{0}^{b}&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}C_{1,\uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{0})C_{1,\downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}{\frac {q_{1,\uparrow }C_{2,\uparrow \uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{1,\uparrow })C_{2,\uparrow \downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}+(1-q_{0}){\frac {q_{1,\downarrow }C_{2,\downarrow \uparrow }^{b}+(1-q_{1,\downarrow })C_{2,\downarrow \downarrow }^{b}}{1+r}}}{1+r}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}q_{1,\uparrow }+q_{0}(1-q_{1,\uparrow })+(1-q_{0})q_{1,\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{2}}}\\&amp;\displaystyle ={\frac {q_{0}+(1-q_{0})q_{1,\downarrow }}{(1+r)^{2}}}\\&amp;\displaystyle =0{,}8696\end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duplizierung">Duplizierung</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Duplikationsprinzip" title="Duplikationsprinzip">Duplikationsprinzip</a></i></div><p>Eine Kaufoption auf eine Aktie lässt sich mittels eines Portfolios aus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> Aktien und einem Kredit (festverzinslichen Titeln) duplizieren, d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{0}=xS_{0}-B_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{0}=xS_{0}-B_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c879c84bdcf722eccddae72e9643337d5b7682e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.282ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{0}=xS_{0}-B_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>wird erfüllt. Die Option wird also als kreditfinanzierter Aktienkauf dupliziert (Für eine Verkaufsoption wäre es unter Notationsmissbrauch ebenfalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{0}=xS_{0}-B_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>P</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<msub>
<mi>S</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{0}=xS_{0}-B_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89bdd25529691cd33e948afa95034af14a835603.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.112ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{0}=xS_{0}-B_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>). Aus der <a href="Arbitragefreiheit" title="Arbitragefreiheit">Arbitragefreiheitsbedingung</a> folgt, dass der Wert dieses Portfolios dem heutigen Optionswert entspricht. Indem wir nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>B</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03a3f39a56ba486e7c6ec89b99f5ae2a21fa75b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.818ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>isolieren, erhalten wir
</p><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{0}=(xS^{\uparrow \downarrow }-C^{\uparrow \downarrow })(1+r)^{-T}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{0}=(xS^{\uparrow \downarrow }-C^{\uparrow \downarrow })(1+r)^{-T}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bdc474eba9f522a20daade5e8b01dcc699259979.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:28.497ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{0}=(xS^{\uparrow \downarrow }-C^{\uparrow \downarrow })(1+r)^{-T}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>(bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B_{0}=(xS^{\uparrow \downarrow }-P^{\uparrow \downarrow })(1+r)^{-T}\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B_{0}=(xS^{\uparrow \downarrow }-P^{\uparrow \downarrow })(1+r)^{-T}\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bb62760d739feb0199f8e6285053bd3392978de8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.101ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B_{0}=(xS^{\uparrow \downarrow }-P^{\uparrow \downarrow })(1+r)^{-T}\ }" loading="lazy"></span>für eine Verkaufsoption). Indem die Gleichung nach den beiden möglichen Szenarien (Kurs steigt oder Kurs fällt) aufgeschlüsselt wird, erhalten wir das Gleichungssystem aus zwei Gleichungen mit zwei Unbekannten
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}S^{\uparrow }\cdot x-(1+r)^{T}\cdot y=C^{\uparrow }\\S^{\downarrow }\cdot x-(1+r)^{T}\cdot y=C^{\downarrow }\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
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</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b29a931fee39a1d6eff4110e2208b699401603a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:27.955ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}S^{\uparrow }\cdot x-(1+r)^{T}\cdot y=C^{\uparrow }\\S^{\downarrow }\cdot x-(1+r)^{T}\cdot y=C^{\downarrow }\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der Aktien je Kaufoption und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y=B_{0}}">
<semantics>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8949e7d5ecfd832f27739ef837c2891a177dcc67.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.072ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y=B_{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Kreditumfang je Kaufoption ist. Wir isolieren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle y}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8a6208ec717213d4317e666f1ae872e00620a0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.155ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle y}" loading="lazy"></span> in der zweiten Gleichung und ersetzen es in der ersten Gleichung. Wenn wir die erste Gleichung nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> isolieren, erhalten wir das Verhältnis der Differenz der Kaufoptionspreise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C^{\uparrow }-C^{\downarrow }}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C^{\uparrow }-C^{\downarrow }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b81e8a9f960719e114285fb6b1a227f0214d7ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.544ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C^{\uparrow }-C^{\downarrow }}" loading="lazy"></span> ist zur Differenz der Aktienpreise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f60f085d85731b884c768b604fe4fa4aec17bb0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.992ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}" loading="lazy"></span>, also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x={\frac {C^{\uparrow }-C^{\downarrow }}{S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}}=:\Delta _{C}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x={\frac {C^{\uparrow }-C^{\downarrow }}{S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}}=:\Delta _{C}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc7187a1112d5ccf00986d9f75355571e4ef0d75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:20.971ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x={\frac {C^{\uparrow }-C^{\downarrow }}{S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}}=:\Delta _{C}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dieses Verhältnis wird in der Finanzmathematik <a href="Griechen_(Finanzmathematik)#Delta" title="Griechen (Finanzmathematik)">Delta</a> genannt. Das Delta ist wichtig bei der Bewertung und Absicherung. Es ist die Sensitivität des Optionspreises auf Änderung des Aktienkurses um eine Einheit. Das Delta wird als das Verhältnis der Änderung des Optionspreises zur Änderung des zugrunde liegenden Aktienkurses definiert. Das Delta einer Verkaufsoption ist durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{P}={\frac {P^{\uparrow }-P^{\downarrow }}{S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}}}">
<semantics>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{P}={\frac {P^{\uparrow }-P^{\downarrow }}{S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a59cc6ad0f15ef947f458cf016ceda60b8384077.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.929ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{P}={\frac {P^{\uparrow }-P^{\downarrow }}{S^{\uparrow }-S^{\downarrow }}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>gegeben. Das Delta einer Kaufoption ist positiv, jenes einer Verkaufsoption negativ. Bei zweistufigen Binomialbäumen wird das Delta für die beiden Zeitschritte angegeben, wobei beim zweiten Zeitschritt die Auf- und Abwärtsbewegung berücksichtigt wird. Das CRR-Modell erfüllt eine vereinfachte derivate Form der <a href="Put-Call-Parit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Put-Call-Parität">Put-Call-Parität</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{P}=\Delta _{C}-1\ }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
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<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{P}=\Delta _{C}-1\ }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8873d4026e2c71cf4f58b932754a58bd100a8aa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.501ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{P}=\Delta _{C}-1\ }" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ausübungseigenschaften"><span id="Aus.C3.BCbungseigenschaften"></span>Ausübungseigenschaften</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prinzip_der_dynamischen_Umschichtungsstrategie">Prinzip der dynamischen Umschichtungsstrategie</h3></div>
<p>Mit einer dynamischen Umschichtungsstrategie mit nur zwei Instrumenten ist jedes Zahlungsprofil am Erfüllungszeitpunkt erzeugbar. Über dynamische Handelsstrategien wird ein <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndiger_Kapitalmarkt" title="Vollständiger Kapitalmarkt">vollständiger Kapitalmarkt</a> erzeugt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abzinsung">Abzinsung</h3></div>
<p>Risikobehaftete <a href="Zahlungsstr%C3%B6me" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahlungsströme">Zahlungsströme</a> müssen mit dem risikoadjustierten Zinssatz abgezinst werden (z.&nbsp;B. mit dem <a href="Capital_Asset_Pricing_Model" title="Capital Asset Pricing Model">CAPM</a>-Zinssatz). Jedoch ist die Risikoeigenschaft einer Option abhängig von der Höhe des Aktienkurses und der Restlaufzeit. Der <a href="Risikofreier_Zinssatz" title="Risikofreier Zinssatz">risikoadjustierte Zinssatz</a> ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(S_{t},T-t)}">
<semantics>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(S_{t},T-t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e937088e4cf3a5b15b6ba330dd28459524e4d331.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.689ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(S_{t},T-t)}" loading="lazy"></span>; die genaue Funktionsform ist unbekannt.
</p><p>Aus der Vollständigkeit des Kapitalmarktes folgt, dass man im Zeitablauf in jedem Knoten lokal ein risikoloses Portfolio aus Aktie long und einer Kaufoption short erzeugen kann. Der Barwert ergibt sich hier also aus dem risikolosen Zinssatz, der hier der passende Zinssatz ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dividenden">Dividenden</h3></div>
<p>Bei diskreten Dividenden, die proportional zum Kurs gezahlt werden, bleibt der Baum rekombinierend. Dies entspricht zwar nicht der Praxis, aber so lässt sich der zugehörige Binärbaum numerisch beherrschen. Damit kommt jedoch einher, dass der Optionswert von der Ausübungsstrategie abhängt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Korn-Kreer-Lenssen-Modell" title="Korn-Kreer-Lenssen-Modell">Korn-Kreer-Lenssen-Modell</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Jürgen Kremer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mehr-Perioden-Modelle</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Einführung in die Diskrete Finanzmathematik</cite>. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 978-3-540-25394-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>143–227</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29268-3_3">10.1007/3-540-29268-3_3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Mehr-Perioden-Modelle&amp;rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Kremer&amp;rft.btitle=Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+Diskrete+Finanzmathematik&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F3-540-29268-3_3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540253945&amp;rft.pages=143-227&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2FHeidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Albrecht Irle: <cite style="font-style:italic">Preistheorie im n-Perioden-Modell</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Finanzmathematik</cite>. Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 978-3-519-12640-9, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>61–87</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-10069-0_3">10.1007/978-3-663-10069-0_3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Preistheorie+im+n-Perioden-Modell&amp;rft.au=Albrecht+Irle&amp;rft.btitle=Finanzmathematik&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-663-10069-0_3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783519126409&amp;rft.pages=61-87&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Vieweg%2BTeubner+Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Ralf Korn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zeitdiskrete Finanzmarktmodelle</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Moderne Finanzmathematik – Theorie und praktische Anwendung</cite>. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden 2014, ISBN 978-3-658-04126-7, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>1–55</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04127-4_1">10.1007/978-3-658-04127-4_1</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Zeitdiskrete+Finanzmarktmodelle&amp;rft.au=Ralf+Korn&amp;rft.btitle=Moderne+Finanzmathematik+-+Theorie+und+praktische+Anwendung&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-658-04127-4_1&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783658041267&amp;rft.pages=1-55&amp;rft.place=Wiesbaden&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Fachmedien+Wiesbaden" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Nicole Bäuerle, Ulrich Rieder: <cite style="font-style:italic">Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Finanzmathematik in diskreter Zeit</cite>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg 2017, ISBN 978-3-662-53530-1, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>21–36</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53531-8_3">10.1007/978-3-662-53531-8_3</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell&amp;rft.au=Nicole+B%C3%A4uerle%2C+Ulrich+Rieder&amp;rft.btitle=Finanzmathematik+in+diskreter+Zeit&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-662-53531-8_3&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783662535301&amp;rft.pages=21-36&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Stefan Reitz: <i>Mathematik der modernen Finanzwelt. Derivate, Portfoliomodelle und Ratingverfahren.</i> Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011, ISBN 978-3-8348-0943-8, Kapitel 3.</li>
<li>Steven E. Shreve: <i>Stochastic Calculus for Finance I. The Binomial Asset Pricing Model.</i> Springer, New York 2005, ISBN 0-387-24968-0.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gabler-banklexikon.de/definition/cox-ross-rubinstein-modell-56778">Eintrag</a> im Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macroption.com/cox-ross-rubinstein-excel/">Artikel</a> zur Implementierung des Modells in Microsoft Excel (englisch)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Eberlein: <cite style="font-style:italic">Grundideen moderner Finanzmathematik</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mitteilungen der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>6</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>3</span>, 1.&nbsp;Januar 1998, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220942-5977%22&amp;key=cql">0942-5977</a></span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/dmvm-1998-0307">10.1515/dmvm-1998-0307</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/dmvm-1998-0307/html">degruyter.com</a> [abgerufen am 5.&nbsp;August 2025]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Grundideen+moderner+Finanzmathematik&amp;rft.au=Ernst+Eberlein&amp;rft.date=1998-01-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1515%2Fdmvm-1998-0307&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=0942-5977&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+der+Deutschen+Mathematiker-Vereinigung&amp;rft.volume=6" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Cox, Stephen Ross, Mark Rubinstein: <i>Option Pricing: A Simplified Approach.</i> In: <i>Journal of Financial Economics.</i> Nr. 7, 1979, S. 229–263.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harald Luschgy: <cite style="font-style:italic">Optionspreistheorie</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Martingale in diskreter Zeit</cite>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-29960-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>283–308</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29961-2_8">10.1007/978-3-642-29961-2_8</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-29961-2_8">springer.com</a> [abgerufen am 15.&nbsp;Juli 2025]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Optionspreistheorie&amp;rft.au=Harald+Luschgy&amp;rft.btitle=Martingale+in+diskreter+Zeit&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-29961-2_8&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642299605&amp;rft.pages=283-308&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dietmar Pfeifer: <cite style="font-style:italic">Zur Mathematik derivativer Finanzinstrumente: Anregungen für den Stochastikunterricht</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stochastik in der Schule</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>2</span>. Verein zur Förderung des schulischen Stochastikunterrichts e.V., Dortmund / Greifswald 2000.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Cox-Ross-Rubinstein-Modell&amp;rft.atitle=Zur+Mathematik+derivativer+Finanzinstrumente%3A+Anregungen+f%C3%BCr+den+Stochastikunterricht&amp;rft.au=Dietmar+Pfeifer&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jtitle=Stochastik+in+der+Schule&amp;rft.place=Dortmund+%2F+Greifswald&amp;rft.pub=Verein+zur+F%C3%B6rderung+des+schulischen+Stochastikunterrichts+e.V.&amp;rft.volume=20" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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